The Fate Of Drugs And Drug Development Essay Example for Free

The Fate Of Drugs And Drug Development Essay The most appropriate dosage form for administering drugs to pediatric patients is the low-dose liquid format, computed through the patient’s kilogram body weight.   Pediatric patients are generally small in body size and thus a very low dose is sufficient in attaining the desired clinical outcome.   For adults, the maximum dose in tablet or capsule form can be administered. (2)   A drug in tablet or capsule form easily disintegrates in the stomach and the contents are further dissolved as it passes through into the small intestines, where absorption takes place. (3)   Pharmacokinetics pertains to the action of drugs in terms of absorption, as well as metabolism within the human body (Sharan et al., 2009).   This field also deals with the distribution of the drug and its eventual excretion. (4)   Pharmacokinetics involves a specific order of activities with regards to a drug because it describes the actual steps that occur during drug intake.   Before the actual effect of a drug takes place, the active ingredient needs to be absorbed through the intestinal lining and further distributed to the target areas of the body.   Metabolism then occurs which is the incorporation of the drug to the target areas.   Any excess or used drugs are then removed from the body through the process of excretion. (5)   The chemical nature of the drug determines the absorption ability of a drug.   Lipophilic drugs generally enter the cells quickly, due to its similarity in composition to the plasma membrane.   High dosages can also increase the absorption of a drug into cells. (6)   Pharmacodynamics pertains to the effect of a drug in terms of its biochemistry and physiological action in the human body. (7)   One main action of a drug is to stimulate the human body to perform a specific action (Kang and Lee, 2009).   Another type of drugs is the depressant, which slows down specific activities in the body.   There are also cytotoxic drugs that kill specific cells in the body.   Other drugs are aimed to replace certain substances that are lacking or at very low levels in the body. (8)   The general relationship observed is that when a drug response is attained, the serum concentration of that same drug is found to be at its highest dose.   Drug manufacturing is mainly based on the preparation of capsules or tablets that contain the minimum amount of the drug that can exert a response in the human body (Najib, 2009). (9)  Ã‚   An adverse effect of a drug occurs when there are more than enough amounts that are circulating in the body of a patient.   The excess amount can cause damage to the liver of an individual (Marin et al., 2009).   Drug-drug interactions pertain to the effect of one drug on another, if they are administered at the same time.   The presence of another drug may either interfere or enhance the effect of another drug and thus it is important for a physician to know all the drugs that a patient takes before prescribing or administering any new drugs. References Kang, J.S. and Lee, M.H.   (2009).   Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring.   Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 24, 1-10. Marin, J.J., Briz, O., Perez, M.J., Romero, M.R. and Monte, M.J.   (2009).   Hepatobiliary transporters in the pharmacology and toxicology of anticancer drugs.   Frontiers in Bioscience, 14, 4257-4280. Najib, J.   (2009).   The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a prodrug of d-amphetamine, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults.   Clinical Therapeutics, 31, 142-176. Sharan, K., Siddiqui, J.A., Swarnkar, G., Maurya, R. and Chattopadhyay, N.   (2009).   Role of phytochemicals in the prevention of menopausal bone loss: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human interventional and pharma-cokinetic studies.   Current Topics in Medical Chemistry, 16, 1138-1157.

Emotion and Feeling in Lord Byrons Poetry Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The genre of poetry itself produces connotations based around raw emotions, especially when considering poetry from the Romanticism era. Furthermore, poetry which is based on emotions (whether negative or positive) is what makes it successful in evoking a more personal response from the reader. When exploring poetry references such as 'The English Poetic Mind' by Charles Williams, he states how when 'We are told of a thing; we are made to feel as if that thing were possible to us; and we are so made to feel it-whatever the thing may be, joy or despair...knowledge is an intense satisfaction to us '1. This statement supports the idea that a certain emotion must be within a poem, meaning if the reader is able to relate to it, the poem is more effective. However, these quotes support the importance of emotion within poetry, but what about the importance of emotion within the poet? Throughout this essay, Lord Byron will be the main poet of focus, as his notorious lifestyle suggests that t rue emotion may have been his weakness. His poems 'Fare Thee Well!' (composed 18 March 1816: From Poems (1816)) and 'When we two parted' (composed August or September 1815: From Poems (1816)) will also be the primary focus, as they represent two negative influences which happened in Byron's life that would have produced an emotional response. When first approaching Byron's poetry, the reader would find it difficult not to judge the poem without putting it in the context of his famous reputation. He was a celebrity of his time due to his lavish and liberal lifestyle. Paul West states that 'The difficulty is that if we respond to him at all, we respond to his temperament '2. But how would one respond to his poetry if they had no previous knowledg... ...ling. To complete the discussion, the assessment of Byron and his works leads to the belief that personal emotions and feelings are important, as it is through this delicate, yet expressive language, that poetry is formed. Bibliography: Williams, Charles, (1932). The English Poetic Mind. Oxford University Press West, Paul (1963). BYRON A collection of critical essays. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Marchand, Leslie A. (1957) BYRON A Biography. Volume Two. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Poems: 'Fare Thee Well!' by Lord Byron (composed 18 March 1816: From Poems (1816)) taken from Wu, Duncan, (2006) Romanticism An Anthology, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing. p. 850-852. 'When we two parted' by Lord Byron (composed August or September 1815: From Poems (1816)) taken from Wu, Duncan, (2006) Romanticism An Anthology, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing. p. 849.

Why I Choose to Be a Sociology Major

In comparison to previous topics I’ve studied, sociology better suits what it is I want to do with my life. It has taken me a while to figure what my niche is since I’ve been in college. Before declaring sociology as a major, I was a business major. I have always had a strong interest in business, but as I progressed with the program, it became evident to me that I have no interest in working in corporate America. I realized that I would much rather become and entrepreneur and discover new ways to help people. After eading up on sociology, I saw that sociology offers you knowledge that translates across the board, whereas business is more one-dimensional. Math has always been a weakness of mine, and luckily, sociology only requires one class. Although that shouldn’t be a major selling point, it definitely was for me! While I’m aware that sociology is by no means easy, it is certainly a relief to know that I will no longer be tested on information that I feel is totally useless to me. I struggled in the majority of my math related classes while I was a business major, and that was quite epressing for me. After much debate, I decided that I would probably be best if I opted for a career course that did not include anti-derivatives and the Pythagorean theorem! People skills are integral part of any organization, and sociology provides you with the information to perfect them. By studying how people work and interact, I will be more effective in whatever career path I choose to take. Sociology will enhance whatever knowledge and experience I have concerning people skills because I will be more aware of how to reach people on a more personable level.

The Customs Union and Turkish Foreign Policy - 1092 Words

The Customs Union and Turkish Foreign Policy Economical developments in Turkey and the world keep moving in an incredible speed. With the increasing world trade volume and gradually intensifying rivalry, companies’ efforts for strengthening their market shares are increasing day by day. Being able to keep alive in the middle of this rivalry depends on being successful in the international platform. The industrialized countries aiming to get out of this situation with the minimum loss have started to give more significance to their economical security. It can be seen that preventions such as goods and amount restriction has decreased and local commercial and political integrations has become stronger during this current globalization period. The locations of the countries vary constantly by either participating to global organizations (World Trade Organization) or to regional formations (Europe Union and The Customs Union). In this context, the most significant economical and political consolidation that we face among Europe countries is EU. One of the basic foundations of partnership relationship between Turkey and EU is The Customs Union. The Customs Union process was triggered by the Protocol of Katma, which was signed between Turkey and European Economic Community. With Katma Protocol’s coming into force on 1 January 1973, Turkey got the right of reaching industry goods of Community market without customs.Show MoreRelatedHow The Argument Supporting Two Cyprus States1519 Words   |  7 Pageslargest driving factor is the Turkish and Greek ethnic divide. The two ethnic groups remain distinct, which are divided on linguistic, cultural, and religious lines (Meier, 457). The Greek Cypriots practice Greek orthodox and Turkish Cypriots practice Islam. Furthermore, both groups refer to Greece or Turkey as â€Å"motherlands† to their identities. (Meier, 457). Traditional family customs have discouraged the intermarriage of Greek and Turkish populations (Meier 461). Turkish and Greek Cypriot communitiesRead MoreInternational Trade in Turkey2333 Words   |  10 Pages......................................................................5Imports.......................................................................7Trade balance.............................................................8Trade agreements and po licies.................................8International Trade strategy...................................10Conclusion................................................................11 Turkey at a glanceTurkey, officially known as Republic of Turkey isRead MoreThe Economic Impact of Globalization on Turkey6413 Words   |  26 Pagesenvironment is more challenging for Turkish banks, because of weak economic growth and ongoing financial market volatility. Turkish banks have become better capitalised (at 17.5% at end-June 2008) and less reliant on wholesale funding (13%) since the 2001 crisis. We believe the asset quality deterioration is the main risk for the sector. The sector has experienced higher default rates in credit cards and consumer loans in 2007 and 1H08. Although most Turkish banks are expecting higher NPLs forRead MoreThe Economic Impact of Globalization on Turkey6421 Words   |  26 Pagesenvironment is more challenging for Turkish banks, because of weak economic growth and ongoing financial market volatility. Turkish banks have become better capitalised (at 17.5% at end-June 2008) and less reliant on wholesale funding (13%) since the 2001 crisis. We believe the asset quality deterioration is the main risk for the sector. The sector has experienced higher default rates in credit cards and consumer loans in 2007 and 1H08. Although most Turkish banks are expecting higher NPLs for year-endRead MoreFree Trade : More Competitive Domestic Markets2000 Words   |  8 PagesHowever, in this study, it is aimed to deal with only trade which is quite controversial subject in terms of applied policy choices whether more liberal or more protectionist. For the purpose of this tariffs and quotas are chosen as an example of protectionist policies and Turkey is thought as case country in terms of membership of Customs Union. It will be argued that free trade policies may not seem to have destructive impacts on domestic markets of developing countries. On the contrary, this may helpRead MoreTurkeys Accession to the European Union1116 Words   |  5 PagesTurkey’s application for associate membership in the European Economic Community(EEC) in 1959. Turkey applied for full membership in the EEC in 1987 but did n ot gain candidate status until 1999. Since 1999, relations between Turkey and the European Union (EU) have gained momentum, and Turkey’s EU accession negotiations began in 2005. Since that time, discussions about the implications of Turkey’s prospective EU membership have become more serious and extensive in both Turkey and the EU.the potentialRead MoreTurkey Accession to EU3740 Words   |  15 Pagesthe European Union is at the center of the controversy surrounding the EU s enlargement. Given the disparate histories of the EU member states, Turkey s own complex and battle-scarred history, and nationalistic considerations, the question of whether Turkey will ultimately be accepted as an EU member, with full rights and privileges, is one to which there are few clear-cut answers. The debate surrounding this issue continues to gain momentum both in Turkey and in the European Union. France, withRead MoreSecularity Governance in Turkey1802 Words   |  7 PagesRomans. The capture of the city by the Ottoman Empire, however, brought it back to Eastern control. Unfortunately, the Ottoman Empire began slowly declining for several centuries, finally bringing the fall of the empire and thus establishing the Turkish Republic in 1923. This modern nation-state was forged by the reforms of Mustafa Kemal. Kemal sought to impose a secular— rather, laà ¯cità ©, democratic system, in a predominantly Islamic nation; this began Turkey’s course toward progression and modernizationRead MoreEuropean Turkey Relations : Turkey3651 Words   |  15 PagesEuropean Turkey Relations Introduction Half a century ago Turkey admitted to the European Union membership and until now Turkey didn’t have a full membership. The EU fears Turkey and Turkey is eager to join the Christen club. Therefore, the EU – Turkey relations went through several turns that either stalemated or encouraged the process of admitting Turkey to the EU membership. The EU-Turkey relation is important for both parties, because it involves mutual security, economic and strategic benefitsRead MoreTurkey : A Growing Proportion Of Young Population1780 Words   |  8 Pagesencouraging for the employment rate in Turkey. Companies should take this into consideration and create schemes and training programmes for younger people willing to work. With Turkey predominantly following a Muslim culture, foreign businesses looking to invest in the Turkish Market must consider the opportunities and threats regarding this. Also taking into consideration family values and cultural traditions. Businesses from the Arab world would be able to conduct business with more ease than a European